Once activated caspases act as cysteine proteases, using a cysteine side chain for catalyzing peptide bond cleavage at aspartyl residues in their substrates.
These ions are harmful to organic substrates, such as paper, because they catalyze the oxidative degradation of cellulose and other organic materials.
Alumina substrates can also be used to produce chemically stable, strongly hydrophobic surfaces.
These substrates demonstrate the multiple roles of Plk1 in promoting mitosis.
Much of their life cycle is spent as vegetative mycelium, exploiting complex substrates.