Tourists are often denigrated for having difficulty in locating the ' University ' .
In the modern era, indigenous people have seen their land and resources stolen, and their cultures denigrated and undermined.
The term was coined by the sociolinguist Labov to describe how people feel about their language variety when it is constantly denigrated.
Ernaux is concerned to expose the ways in which working-class life and cultural preferences have been systematically denigrated and denied validity.
They suffer the double whammy of being denigrated at all social levels and at the same time taxed heavily.
